Cantata BWV 71
Gott ist mein König
Discussions - Part 2

Continue from Part 1

Discussions in the Week of February 6, 2005

Neil Halliday wrote (February 4, 2005):
BWV 71: Introduction

[This introduction is a day early. BTW, thanks Aryeh, for the guided tour of Zeitz!]

The cantata for discussion during the coming week (Feb. 6-12) is:
BWV 71 "Gott ist mein König".

Composed for the installation of the new town council (at Mühlhausen), on 4^th February 1708.

1. Texts, scoring, commentaries, music examples, and list of known recordings: http://www.bach-cantatas.com/BWV71.htm

2. Contributions by list members during the previous round of cantata discussions: http://www.bach-cantatas.com/BWV71-D.htm

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Bach must have been aiming for an impressive `spatial' effect, both instrumental and vocal, for the presentation of this piece, as shown by the unusual layout of the BGA score:

The first and last movements are written on 19 staves, with the large forces grouped (in the score) into six sections thus (from top to bottom):

1. 3 trumpets and timpani (on 4 staves).
2. 2 recorders and cello (3 staves).
3. 2 oboes and bassoon (3 staves).
4. Violin 1, violin 2, viola, and violone (4 staves)
5. SATB chorus (4 staves)
6. Organ (1 stave; 2 in other movements).

Moreover, the SATB chorus is marked at the beginning `Divisi a due Cori', with frequent alternations between the `Coro pleno' and `Senza Ripieni' sections as the movement progresses.

[Boyd Pehrson has some interesting comments on the OVPP issue in relation to this score, seen at the discussion page mentioned above].

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In the first movement, you can hear the initial major-triad motive on the trumpets move across to the oboes, and then to the recorders (from the left to the right-hand loud-speakers, in Rilling's recording). The music has a strong rhythmic pulse which is reinforced by the timpani.

The second movement (a duet for S and T), has an organ obligato accompaniment; only important motives in the R.H. (treble clef) part are written out (the rest is supplied by the organist from the figured bass). There is the usual tone painting, with descending melismas occurring on the word `sterbe' (tenor). This is another instance of a duet in which different texts are sung simultaneously (as in BWV 131's two duets).

The third movement is a confident sounding fugue for chorus (marked Senza Ripieni).

The fourth movement, with oboes and recorders, is a da capo aria for bass.

The fifth movement is a segmented alto aria, with occasional trumpet fanfares, and several changes of time signature (there is an instance of 1 bar only in 3/8 time).

The sixth movement is a wistful chorus employing the full choir and orchestra (minus trumpets and timpani) that features an attractive trill motive.

The final chorus once again features (sometimes rapidly alternating) sections between the full and OVPP choir, with a short, powerful fugue for the full choir and orchestra; surprisingly the work concludes on just two notes on the unison recorders (shades of BWV 106). The 'Joseph' mentioned in the 2^nd verse of this movement's text is not the biblical one, but rather Emperor Joseph I, to whose rule Mühlhausen belonged.

I hope to see many of you participating in the discussions.

John Reese wrote (February 5, 2005):
[To Neil Halliday] One of the things I've noticed about these early cantatas (BWV 106 being the other one) is that Bach's vocal writing was quite a bit more daring than in his later works. You rarely see, for instance, leaps of more than an octave in the Leipzig cantatas. I don't know if this is due to Bach having more practical experience with vocalists, or if he just didn't have as much faith in his Leipzig performers.

It's also interesting to see some of the melodic mannerisms that Bach had in these early works, which don't appear later on. This includes quick downward leaps of a fifth or more on certain syllables (see the end of measure 3 of the second movement of BWV 71; also in the second movement of BWV 106.)

I'm working on transcribing BWV 106 so I can put it in PDF format -- won't be long.

Mike Mannix (Mickey Drivel) wrote (February 5, 2005):
Italianisation maybe? BWV 106 is so archaic.

Thomas Shepherd wrote (February 5, 2005):
Recently there have been interesting accounts about how specific cantatas relate to their liturgical performance - BWV 106 and Funerals, BWV 196 and Weddings. Are there any detailed descriptions of the pomp and ceremony that must have occurred at the commissioning of a New Town Council in Mühlhausen? What went on in St Mary's church and how did the cantata written for the event fit into the service? Please would Thomas Braatz, or others, find the time to say something about this?

Peter Smaill wrote (February 5, 2005):
The fact that BWV 71 is the only Cantata (surviving ) published in Bach's lifetime remains a puzzle after many years. Why was it that this work, definitely not per ogni tempore - in fact playable only once, was set to print? There was surely no call for it to be played again?

Whittaker says it is the only Cantata printed, but Boyd reflects on another, at Weimar the next year, sadly lost. In which case, the question arises twice- why print a one-off piece in honour of a specific Council 's inauguration on a specific day?

Is the wealth of the Councils a reason alone; or was there really a desire to mount the set pieces again, perhaps to show civic pride in the achievement of the appelmeister? If no repeat performance were intended, then an act of fiscal irresponsibility even by today's standards of local government was being committed!

I've remarked before that this sole surviving printed choral work has no reference to Jesus.

Also unusual is the overt specification of "coro pleno" and "senza ripieni", plus a large orchestra divided in four groups.Original touches abound ; for example, the naked consecutive seconds on trumpet at the end of "Durch mächtige Kraft" and the lovely murmuring beak-flutes imitating the turtledove, the onamatopoeic "turtletauben" being set to an exquisite vocal passage.

Thanks to Malcolm Boyd there is an available reference to the councillors being implicitly honoured as the "Neue Regiment" Boyd quotes Konrad Kuster (author of "Die junge Bach") who has especially studied the Thuringian background to the early cantatas.

It does appear from the interpolations to Psalm 74 that Bach is honouring some old burgomasters - identified is the principal Burgomaster Adolf Strecker (1624-1707) who was 83 years old. "Ich bin nun achtzig Jahre" seems thus a reference to him, with its prayer "to die in my own city" ; indeed, Strecker passed away in that year. Also identified is Bach's Mühlhausen patron, the burgomaster Conrad Meckbach.

It is a wonderful example of Bach's early skill in weaving a varied patchwork of texts and musical styles into a cohesive statement of divine order - omnipotent God, enlightened monarchy, city-proud burghers. The Divine kingship of God is followed by the prayer of the ageing servant; age and youth are contrasted; peace and war ; the enemy with the tutledove. At the end, the pomposity of the bombastic "Gluck, Heil und Grosser Sieg" is trumped by, as it were, the final cooing of a pair of rather cheeky turtledoves, me-doh.

Who says Bach has no sense of humour!

Doug Cowling wrote (February 5, 2005):
Cantata 71 - How did it start?

Peter Smaill wrote:
< The fact that BWV 71 is the only Cantata (surviving ) published in Bach's liremains a puzzle after many years. Why was it that this work, definitely not per ogni tempore - in fact playable only once, was set to print? There was surely no call for it to be played again? >
I'm always curious about the practical aspects of performance. There is no orchestral introduction to the opening chorus of "Gott ist mein König": how did the singers get their note? We see the same situation Cantata BWV 80, "Ein Feste Burg" which begins ex nihilo.

Wolff suggests that a prelude was normally played on the organ before the cantata, but was this a formal piece or a freely improvised "intonation" in the tradition which goes back to the Gabrielis?

The opening chorus of Cantata BWV 12 "Wir Danken" is introduced by a huge movement with organ solo based on the E Major Violin Partita (the Tallis Choir used this movement to introduce the Credo of the BMM (BWV 232) which we performed as a free-standing work). It too was written for the inauguration of the Town Council. Could there be a tradition of the organist displaying his virtuosity before the cantata?

Since Cantata BWV 71 is not based on a chorale, can we speculate if any of Bach's early preludes and fugues in C major may have been paired with this cantata?

Paul Harder [Valparaiso University] wrote (February 6, 2005):
[To Doug Cowling] I can answer part of your question. The Valparaiso University Bach Choir (the house choir for the Valparaiso University Bach Institute) just performed BWV 71 "Gott ist Mein König" last weekend and here is how we got our note: the instrumentalists tune to A. We found the opening C by hearing them tune.

just my 2 cents,

Doug Cowling wrote (February 6, 2005):
[To Paul Harder] That's an old trick which is a good stretch for the singers -- I can't do it if I have to wait longer than 10 seconds!. However, Bach's players may not have had an opportunity to tune just before the cantata. Church protocol was very different from modern concert hall protocol.

Paul McCreesh makes the fascinating suggestion that the instruments may have discretely tuned DURING an organ piece -- he points to organ works which seem to sustain the notes required to tune strings. And of course with a fixed instrument like the organ playing throughout a service, there were many opportunities for players to check their tuning. So, during the organ "preludising", the instruments checked their tuning and the singers found their note.

[Sidebar: when did the modern habit of tuning to an oboe A develop? ]

This tradition of "preludising" can be found in Mozart who inserted an improvisation between the priest's "Gloria in Excelsis" intonation and the beginning of the choral movement (so brilliant was his flourish that everyone in the sanctuary turned around to gape at the organ loft). Even as late as the "Missa Solemnis", Beethoven calls the gorgeous string interlude after the Sanctus a "preludium" -- normally the organist improvised until the priest raised the host and the bells were rung and the choir continued with the Benedictus.

And finally my favourite church tuning story ...

At some Hamoverian event in the Chapel Royal, the Archbishop of Canterbury preached so long that the players in the gallery began to tune their instruments as a not too subtle signal to end the sermon!

Olle Hedström wrote (February 6, 2005):
BWV 71, Gott ist mein König on DVD

Olle Hedström wrote:
<snip>
[11] << Have you seen any of the available DVDs on the world market with Bach Church Cantatas or other vocal works ? I suggest that you for example aquire the Cantata BWV 71, "Gott ist mein König" on DVD (JSB- Leben und Werk) shot on location in St Marienkirche in Mühlhausen, the very church where its first performance took place in 1708. I find it awesome, and I'm convinced that you after hearing and s e e i n g that DVD would change your mind radically regarding Bach Cantatas on video. There are other Bach Canatatas on DVDs too of the highest emotional, musical and technical quality. Certainly I would like to see much more of such issues on the market. >>
Aryeh Oron wrote: < DVD with Cantata BWV 71? Who are the performers? Where can I buy it? Thanks, >
[11] [To Aryeh Oron] Being a dedicated Bach fan like you, I presumed you already had aquired all the available Bach Cantatas performances on DVD available worldwide. There aren't that many, unfortunately.

The BWV 71, "Gott ist mein König" is the best DVD-release I've encountered so far, where a Bach cantata is envolved. Recorded flawlessly in the Marienkirche in Mühlhausen. Where else ? Breathtaking if you ask me. I have watched it dozens of times, and I'm stunned.

Besides the full cantata BWV 71, with the Telemann Kammerorchester you also get:

# the toccata in d-minor from the Bachkirche in Arnstadt, with Gottfried Preller
# the motet, "Der Geist hilft unserer Swachheit auf" with Biller and the Thomaner in the Thomaskirche
# 3^rd Brandenburg from Cöthen (Spiegelsaal) also Telemann Kammerorchester
# Concerto in C-dur for cembalo, (BWV 984) Christine Schornsheim, Schloss Weimar
# From the Art of Fugue, Dresdner Steich Trio, Alte Börse, Leipzig

There's also a documentary shot on Bachlocations in Germany: "Lebensstationen"

I think you can find it at www.amazon.com or other net retailers. If you cannot find it I can send you a copy. Let me know !

DVD: Johann Sebastian Bach, "Leben und Werk" VKJK 0101, 90 minutes, PCM stereo and Dolby Digital 5.1, PAL 16:9, www.querstand.de

Bradley Lehman wrote (February 6, 2005):
< Bach must have been aiming for an impressive `spatial' effect, both instrumental and vocal, for the presentation of this piece, as shown by the unusual layout of the BGA score:
The first and last movements are written on 19 staves, with the large forces grouped (in the score) into six sections thus (from top to bottom):
1. 3 trumpets and timpani (on 4 staves).
2. 2 recorders and cello (3 staves).
3. 2 oboes and bassoon (3 staves).
4. Violin 1, violin 2, viola, and violone (4 staves)
5. SATB chorus (4 staves)
6. Organ (1 stave; 2 in other movements). >
Yes, cori spezzati.

In Laurence Dreyfus's dissertation (1976-80), republished 1987 as Bach's Continuo Group, he pointed out some interesting bits about BWV 71:

- Each of those subgroups has its own bass instrument.

- The violone here is an 8-foot pitch instrument (not playing an octave lower as a modern string bass might do).

- The continuo texture, as is common for some other contemporary music, does NOT have cello doubling the organ's bass line as the typical sound that we know from later music, but rather, the organ often accompanies the voices all by itself. "In [Bach's] pieces composed before Weimar, the cello probably did not join the continuo group unless Bach explicitly required it."

Neil Halliday wrote (February 7, 2005):
Bradley Lehman wrote
(excerpt from L. Dreyfus' "Bach's Continuo Group"):
<"The violone here is an 8-foot pitch instrument (not playing an octave lower as a modern string bass might do)">.
So there were two types of violones, one with a range an octave above the normal double-bass range? (A. Robertson: "Violone. An octave lower than the viol da gamba, similar to the couble-bass).

Dryefus' comment about the organ's bass-line not normally being doubled by cello pre-Weimar (though he adds the word "perhaps"), is backed up by the BGA score of BWV 196 discussed last week.

Neil Halliday wrote (February 7, 2005):
BWV 71, Gott ist mein König on DVD, and Rilling

Olle Hedström wrote:
[11] "DVD: Johann Sebastian Bach, "Leben und Werk" VKJK 0101, 90 minutes, PCM stereo and Dolby Digital 5.1, PAL 16:9, www.querstand.de"
Thanks for this, sounds interesting. I have ordered a copy from: www.querstand.de

The Rilling CD of BWV 71 [4] has a nice S,T duet (2^nd movement), which features a bright registration of the right hand part that Bach wrote for the obligato organ.

The SATB + continuo 3^rd movement is quite effective in Rilling's Multi-VPP rendition, reminding me of the "It was a wonderful war" movement from BWV 4.

Likewise, his performance of the 6^th movement is reminiscent of the bitter-sweet wistfulness of BWV 198's final chorus.

There is certainly some very enjoyable music in this cantata.

Neil Halliday wrote (February 9, 2005):
Harnoncourt's BWV 71 [5]

I like the emphatic, vigorous chords on "Gott", in the 1^st movement. At 2.02, cf 1.50 for Rilling [4], Harnoncourt is as impressive as Rilling in this dramatic (if relatively brief) music for large forces from Bach, which features possibly the greatest number of performers in a movement, thus far in his career.

The organ obligato in the second movement is not as colourful nor effective as Rilling's, due in part to the consistently non-legato chords on the obligato organ, in contrast to the tasteful, mostly legato style (with bright registration), from Rilling's organist.

But interestingly, Harnoncourt's treatment of the continuo bass line works in the central part of the 4^th movement (continuo and bass vocalist only), where the detached phrasing of the cello line lends a pleasing lightness to the music, forming a welcome contrast to the somewhat thick, sempre legato, bass-string line from Rilling, which is not helped by the accompaniment of the 'perpetual motion' continuo harpsichord.

The OVPP chorus (movement #3) is pleasing except for the 'dainty' organ part. (BTW, the organ is the main criticism I have of Leusink's performance [13], where an incredibly small instrument, which sounds like a toy, detracts from the strength of the music).

In the following alto aria, Harnoncourt expresses the short fanfares for trumpets and timpani with excitement and verve.

The choir captures the engaging wistfulness of the ripieni chorus (6th movement); and and there is spirit a-plenty in the final chorus, although I don't like the typically exaggerated hiatuses between the words, eg, in the fugue: "Muss taeglich"- gap -"von neuen" - gap - "dich, Joseph" - gap, etc.

Doug Cowling wrote (February 9, 2005):
Neil Halliday wrote:
< The OVPP chorus (movement #3) is pleasing except for the 'dainty' organ part. (BTW, the organ is the main criticism I have of Leusink's performance [13], where an incredibly small instrument, which sounds like a toy, detracts from the strength of the music). >
Leusink's [13] use of a small portative is a constant disappointment in his series. The opening of "Wir Müssen Durch Viel Trübsal" is pathetic.

John Pike wrote (February 10, 2005):
BWV 71 Gott ist mein König

Cantata for inauguration of Mühlhausen Town Council, 4.2. 1708.

I have listened to Harnoncourt [5] and Rilling [4]. I could not warm to Harnoncourt's recording here. I was put off, once again, by the boy singers, who sometimes seemed to be struggling to reach the higher notes. The opening chords seemed more like screeches than audible notes.

Rilling seemed much better to me, but the vibrato in the alto and soprano in the arias was too obtrusive for my taste.

Doug Cowling wrote (February 10, 2005):
Emmas & the Boys

John Pike wrote:
< I could not warm to Harnoncourt's recording here. I was put off, once again, by the boy singers, who sometimes seemed to be struggling to reach the higher notes. The opening chords seemed more like screeches than audible notes. >
One of the interesting features of the period performance industry is that the white English sound of singers such Emma Kirkby, which was developed by conductors to revive the Renaissance music of Taverner and Sheppard, is now the established ideal for Bach. Although their training method was certainly influenced by bel canto technique, German boys typically sing with a full, somewhat rough tone which is light-years away from the overly-controlled, overly-mannered sound favoured as "authentic" Bach soprano sound. It's amazing how quickly this model and that of countertenors for altos has become normative in period performances of Bach.

Continue of this part of the discussion, see: Women in Bach' Vocal Works - Part 4 [General Topics]

Thomas Braatz wrote (February 10, 2005):
BWV 71

Doug Cowling asked:
>>I'm always curious about the practical aspects of performance. There is no orchestral introduction to the opening chorus of "Gott ist mein König": how did the singers get their note?<<
I think you will find an answer in the form of a reasonable conjecture in what follows here:

The following is a translation "dem Sinne nach" of a section on Bach's Mühlhausen cantatas taken from Konrad Küster's "Bach Handbuch" [Bärenreiter, Kassel, 1999, pp. 131-143.] Küster has published his research on this early period in Bach's life in a book "Der junge Bach" [Stuttgart, 1996.] Much of this material has been updated and some of the results are found in the present selection. I hope that some readers will find this material useful. Christoph Wolff, who has listed Küster's book in his bibliography, gives a detailed description of Bach's Mühlhausen tenure on pp. 98-112 of Wolff's Bach biography "Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician" [Norton, 2000.]

>>Bach as an organist in Mühlhausen in 1707 to 1708

The context of the Mühlhausen cantatas

Bach's musical activities related to the churches in Mühlhausen which, of course included playing the organ, had two additional aspects that need to be mentioned: he was responsible for composing and performing figural music of his own and he also performed works by other composers. The compositions that have come down to us served very special occasions. This is true at least of the Town Council Election Cantata BWV 71 and the score of Cantata BWV 131 which specifies in Bach's own handwriting that it had been commissioned by someone else. Among his regular duties as cantor during church services, Bach was required to select and perform motets from among the long-standing, traditional reserves of Protestant music that he had collected. This collection which is documented in the 'Alt-Bachischen Archiv' ['an archive of compositions by members of the extended Bach family but also by other important composers such as Buxtehude and Pachelbel'] gave him material that he could use in order to fulfill the requirements demanded by special occasions beyond the regular church services, such sacred music as for weddings and funerals. The type of early Bach cantatas can be described as belonging to these categories, but not alone. One of his earliest cantatas BWV 4 "Christ lag in Todes Banden" is very similar to a treatment of this chorale by Johann Pachelbel through whom Bach's strong connection to the sacred music tradition of Middle Germany becomes apparent. But there are several other aspects that distinguish themselves clearly from the latter style of composition. These come as a result of Bach's encounter with Dietrich Buxtehude's vocal works with which Bach became acquainted in Lübeck during the winter of 1705/06 and some of which he may have brought back with him to to his collection of manuscripts. In regard to BWV 4, the influence of Pachelbel and Buxtehude can easily be noted and has been used in commentaries, but also the family tradition (the 'Bach Family Archive') provides a foundation not to be overlooked.

With all these traditional connections, Bach's Mühlhausen cantatas stand firmly in the tradition of 17^th-century Protestant church music and are yet untouched by the developing new musical forms which are noticeable just after the turn of the century. For this reason, these cantatas show no connection with the more recent sacred cantata containing recitatives and arias closely related to operatic traditions. However, in "Gott ist mein König" BWV 71, the older type of text spectrum (simply Bible quotations and chorale text) is abandoned in favor of using a freer form of poetry, a form that relates directly to the occasion, the Town Council Election.

The older text type is not simply a series of texts that are patched together. The quotations from the Bible and from chorale texts are chosen specifically so that a relationship between them is established. Sometimes the biblical quotations are modified slightly, a sign that the librettist, usually not the composer but a theologian, has carefully worked over the texts. Just as it is the case in the later cantatas, you should not assume that the libretto is simply a sum made up of various, differing components, but rather ask yourself how several seemingly independent movements can become a unified cantata and what holds them together. This is quite similar to that of an opera which is held together by a plot, even if the libretto can be divided into numerous recitatives, arias and choruses. The cantata likewise must establish a connection between its various parts, even if this is accomplished with a different method that depends upon poetry, chorale texts and biblical quotations.

Strophic poetry is based upon an evolutionary concept: a listener is geared toward expecting a sequence of several similar ideas and, as a result, will accept this unquestioningly as long as the music based upon these texts demonstrates a wide variety of possibilities. When these ideas are already derived from the traditional chorale texts, then the path is flung wide open for all sorts of associations which listeners can make by themselves. For the very reason that these listeners in Bach's time knew these chorale texts and melodies forwards and backwards from their continual participation in church services, it would have been impossible to hide from them that a single verse was omitted during the treatment which the chorale received in the cantata. Hence a special continuity was created, a continuity which helped bring about the necessary cohesion that arises automatically when several verses of a chorale were set to music in the form of a cantata.

The use of lengthy citations from the Bible worked well for the same reason. Even if there was not a plot for the librettist and/or composer to depend upon, they could depend upon the fact that the contexts for these verses were well known among the members of the congregation. It was this type of conscious recall of how several Bible verses 'belonged together' that made possible the continuity desired by librettist/composer. The parishioners would notice gaps in a composition when a few verses had been skipped and would either supply the missing text or at least have given some thought to the missing material. Similarly they would have noticed when unexpected Bible quotations from various sources within the Bible were being combined in an unusual manner. This type of reflection brought about a similar connection as in the opera where the plot serves as the higher, overriding element; while here, in the cantata, it is something much more abstract.

Both components, which aid in creating continuity and an inner bond within a cantata, can be linked together with each other so that the statement made by the Bible citation becomes connected to that of a chorale text. In this way, Johann Michael Bach (the father of Bach's first wife, Maria Barbara) begins his motet "Halt, was du hast, daß niemand deine Krone nehme" ["Hold onto what you have so that no one will take away your crown"] with this citation from the Bible (Revelations 3:11), then repeats the few words at the beginning "Halt, was du hast" ["Hold on to whatever you have"] while simultaneously having the chorale melody for "Jesu, meine Freude" ["Jesus, my joy"], so that it becomes absolutely clear through the structure of the composition just what [who] it is that you should be holding on to. In the same composition, two other verses of this chorale (the 4^th and 5^th) also appear while the Bible text continues with a quotation from a different section of Revelations (chapter 2:10): "Sei getreu bis in den Tod, so wirst du empfahen ein herrliches Reich und eine schöne Krone von der Hand des Herren" ["Be faithful unto death, for then you will receive a splendid kingdom and a beautiful crown from the hand of the Lord."] In this way the biblical quotation and the chorale (music and text) form a cross when seen from the perspective of the entire movement/motet. The chorale provides for the continuity of this composition and similarly the various references to Revelations create lend a more abstract connection to the composition as a whole.

This concern for the continuity of a work, a continuity that possibly is complemented by a second element, became unimportant almost to the point of irrelevancy, the stronger the effect of the musical elements and techniques of the opera began to take hold and transform the musical sense of style that had previously existed. As much as the texts of the recitatives and arias deviated from each other and as much as the difference between the movements within a work became greater, the less problematical it became for some to sense the wholeness of the entire work because they were accustomed to making these connections elsewhere in secular musical styles such as the opera. This pertained, however, in particular to composers and poets and less to the normal listeners since the latter generally lacked a contact with the opera and its musical forms because the opera was not available to them and they were not privy to the exchange of ideas, concepts, and forms that took place between composers and poets. That such an inner connection still existed in Bach's later works can not be denied, but in the early works this connection was much stronger because texts with a long tradition attached to them were being used and set to music. These texts brought with them a connection that existed outside of the work itself. Bach's Mühlhausen cantatas reflect strongly this type of environment.

Bach in the Musical Life of Mühlhausen

In the Imperial Free City of Mühlhausen there were two main churches, St. Mary's and St. Blasius'. St. Mary's stood out more in contrast with St. Blasius' because the city hall was part of the congregation: church ceremonies connected with the city council, particularly that of the city council elections (the installation of the members of the new council,) took place only in St. Mary's. Both churches had a school associated with it and in each there was a cantor who, in addition to his other teaching obligations, had to provide the music for the church to which the school belonged. The leadership of all musical activities in the city belonged to neither cantor (the situation for the Thomaskantor in Leipzig, although there was an additional cantor at the St. Nicholas Church, is rather unique.) The responsibility for this leadership position, instead of being taken over by one of the cantor-organists eventually fell upon the organist of the "Divi Blasii" church in Mühlhausen. And so it came that this organist, in this case Bach, assumed responsibility for providing the special music for the town council elections in the church in which he was not officially the organist or cantor. Thus Bach, as an improvement over his subordinate position in Arnstadt, serving there a single church to which he was tied, now held a position as the leading musician in the city.

The fact that his scope of work must have included composing and performing figural music is made clear by the requirement for this position as organist at St. Blasi Divii, a requirement which included performing for the audition a cantata composed by the applicant. Beyond this, however, Bach's duties here were not clearly defined. It is also unknown how frequently he had to perform cantatas. It is impossible to determine if he was required to perform a cantata of his own every Sunday, partly because of the divided responsibilities with the cantor of the church. Which compositions by other composers were available to him and just how much he participated in the Sunday and special- holiday church services for which he had to provide music is unknown.

It seems reasonable to assume that the instrumental parts were played by the Town Pipers ["Stadtpfeifer."] Most of the cantatas which come from Bach's residence in Mühlhausen were conceived with an instrumental ensemble in mind, one which in its basic form allows us already to see the beginning contours or general outline of a modern orchestra: a basic group of strings to which additional instruments are added. Indeed, however, the violas are frequently split into two parts, while there may be only one violin part. The orchestration for winds varies from one cantata to the next, vacillating between the addition of a single instrument (an oboe in BWV 131 "Aus der Tiefen,") a typical trombone choir with a cornett as the highest part in BWV 4 "Christ lag in Todes Banden, or the use of several groups or instruments in which the strings appear in a more modern grouping in BWV 71 "Gott ist mein König."

Having the town pipers play in Bach's cantata performances in Mühlhausen was no easy matter since long before Bach's position here there had already been a long history of problems regarding their duties. Nothing in the city archives mentions that these musicians had to accept the directives of an organist for only a cantor as such is mentioned. It is possible that these conflicts were responsible for making Bach's musical ambitions more difficult as he refers to a general condition of "wiedrigkeit" ["adversity"] which prevailed here. Also unclear is which vocalists Bach used. There is no evidence that he had any contact with the pupils in the St. Blasius School and it is even more difficult to say who sang the solos in his cantatas.

The editors of modern editions of Bach's Mühlhausen cantatas are faced with very special problems of notation. Bach included in his ensemble various groups of instruments with different pitch requirements (conditions) when coupled together to play as a single ensemble. In order to obtain a uniform result, Bach had to transpose individual parts. How he did this with his local forces is exemplified best in the cantata BWV 71 "Gott ist mein König" because here he has the most colorfully mixed ensemble consisting of a choir having a solo ensemble as well as a 'tutti' ensemble, four instrumental 'choirs' ['groups'] divided into 1) trumpets and timpani; 2) strings; 3) oboes and bassoon; and 4) recorders and violoncello. Notated in C major are the trumpets and strings as well as the vocal parts and the continuo, but the groups with oboes and bassoon as well as the recorders and violoncello are notated in D major. How can these pitch-dependent conditions be resolved? Bach's notation is very clear: the vocalists and strings are both independent from having any pitch problems and are notated the same way that the organ is. Even the trumpets could be included in this system. Only the woodwinds were required to be notated in such a way that their different pitch would fit in with the rest of the ensemble. Because the cello, again an instrument capable of variable pitch like the other strings and vocal parts, was placed into the group with the recorders, Bach made the notation of this later group fit the notation of the instruments with which it had become partners.

With the exception of the woodwinds, the problem of having a uniform pitch for all musicians would have easily been settled; it would have been unnecessary to make pitch adjustments, if it were not for the fact that the woodwinds were to play along in the same ensemble. In the performance practices used in the churches of Mühlhausen, there was a discrepancy in pitch between the woodwinds and the rest of the musical ensemble, at least as far as Bach was concerned. This is understandable: because Bach's situation here was different than it would later be in Leipzig where he had musical leadership as Thomaskantor over several other churches (in Mühlhausen he understood all his music making in terms of the organ which was his primary responsibility), he therefore used the organ as his primary reference point for pitch. Bach undoubtedly 'thought' the music in the same key in which the organ part was notated. And yet from this arises an almost unsolvable conflict, since the techniques used in playing the woodwinds reveal a very clear picture: the range of these instruments have not really changed considerably since Bach's time and for this reason these parts are more easily playable when they are notated a second [a full tone or step] higher than the rest of the ensemble. But should, for only this reason, all the other parts play their music a step higher in pitch?

In the NBA, these works in question are printed twice: once in the original notation (i.e. with the differences between the parts left as is,) and once in the transposed notation which is based upon the pitch of the woodwinds. The other transposition would also have been conceivable, a transposition which would more likely have taken into account the way Bach would have viewed this situation and have paid less attention to the playing techniques of the woodwinds. Thus the NBA gives its preference to one of the variants, and yet the edition(s) which favored the other way would also make sense, i.e. having BWV 71 "Gott ist mein König" printed in C major rather than D major as in the NBA, BWV 131 "Aus der Tiefen" in G minor and not A minor as in the NBA. Strictly speaking, you would, however, need for such performances [the non-NBA way] woodwinds which had a lower pitch than the usual 'Kammerton' ['chamber pitch.']

BWV 4 "Christ lag in Todes Banden"

Bach's audition in Mühlhausen took place on Easter 1707. Just as it has been documented by his relative Johann Gottfried Walther, the audition requirements included the composition and performance of a cantata. Since the Easter cantata BWV 4, although only documented from sources during Bach's Leipzig tenure, must be one of his earliest vocal works, it is assumed by many that this must have been his audition cantata. The text is based exclusively on Martin Luther's rearranging/translation of the Easter liturgy "Victimae paschali luades," and each of the seven verses is treated differently.

At the beginning of the cantata, as found usually in all of Bach's early cantatas, is an instrumental introduction. In these beginning bars, the melody of the chorale incipit emerges. Then, with a free development (the second line of the chorale can be heard hidden in the 2^nd violin part) this Sinfonia ends after only 14 measures. It serves not only the purpose of providing an opportunity for checking the of instruments and preparing the voices for their entry, but also has two additional effects: because the chorale is in a barform, the Sinfonia with its two quotations from the chorale (first and second lines) can function as an additional 'Stollen' which has been placed before the others; and the chorale citations in the Sinfonia were chosen intentionally. Being embedded into a freely formed environment, it is possible for a listener to suspect that that which follows is concerned not only with the chorale itself, but also with the means used to develop it artistically. Thanks to the instrumental prelude which sets up the mood and establishes the pitch/tuning for the entire cantata, the voices can begin Versus I directly without instrumental preparation (such as a ritornello.) The form and structure which Bach chooses for the seven mvts. with voices certainly does not exhaust the artistic possibilities as one might come to expect from such a composition for an audition that needs to display unusual capabilities. Bach's goal seemed rather to concentrate on a balanced diversity. Three of the mvts. use all four voices, another two appear as a duet and again another two as solo mvts. By setting things up this way the impression is given that everything in the cantata has been arranged as mirror symmetry: the choral mvts. assume the outer and middle position in this cantata and the middle position is framed at first by the solo and then the duet mvts. But this symmetry takes a back seat to other characteristics of the individual mvts.: Among the three choral mvts., the first appears as the most richly treated (with a free treatment of the choral and instrumental parts beside the cantus firmus in the soprano voice, and in addition with the more lively, freely treated "Hallelujah" conclusion; in the fourth mvt. the cantus firmus in the alto voice is surrounded by the remaining choral voices without any independent sections for the instruments. It is difficult to identify just how Bach originally set up the final mvt. The 4-pt. chorale that now concludes the cantata is clearly from a later period. This created a problem which did not exist before in this chorale cantata of the older type and which moved away from former the mirror symmetry to now create the usual tension found in Bach's later chorale cantatas. This tension arises between the musically very rich 1^st mvt. at the beginning and the simple or plain 4-pt. chorale at the very end. Now, instead of symmetry, there is a process which investigates on a very broad scale all the possibilities of a chorale all the way to its very essence. No precise statements can be made regarding the real conclusion to BWV 4 in its original form because the 'shape' or structure of the final goal can no longer be reconstructed.

The two pairs of remaining mvts. also do not help to describe this process since they, as solo mvts. do not yield an equivalent to the plain chorale; actually, they even seem to give indications of the reverse principle. The simpler form of chorale treatment can be heard in the 3^rd verse in which the tenor mostly sings the chorale in its original form; and in the 5^th verse, the direct quotations from the chorale are expanded considerably into sections that are treated freely. There is a similar difference in the accompaniment: a lively musical line with the violins in unison is contrasted with the tenor, and a full complement of strings is set against the bass voice: each melodic variant which the bass presents is then accompanied by all the strings in the basic chorale form. Both of the duet mvts. (Versus 2 & 6) present the chorale in differing, imitative, cross-wise treatment of the line, in Versus 2 supported by the winds, but otherwise they are determined by their continuo accompaniment which has the character of a 'Basso quasi ostinato.'

Beyond these formal, basic structural elements which occur frequently in 17th-century chorale concerti in Middle Germany (as, for instance, in Johann Pachelbel's own treatment of the same chorale), Bach is not afraid to vary fundamentally the musical line of the chorale to emphasize through musical expression certain words or to enrich the general impression through the manner in which the instrumental accompaniment is shaped. Key words are lifted out of their contexts by lengthening their note values or inserted pauses right after them. In this fashion Bach inserts a long pause right in the middle of the line after "nichts" ["nothing"] in the 3^rd verse where the line reads "da bleibet nichts denn Tods Gestalt" ["nothing but the figure of Death will remain."] A lengthening in the 5^th verse can also mean that Bach will repeat the word "Kreuzes" ["of the cross"] in the phrase "das ist hoch an des Kreuzes Stamm" ["that is high on the 'staff' of the cross"] and thereby retard the flow of the music. Also very apparent is the rich chromaticism, not only in this 5^th verse, but also in the 2^nd verse in which both voices of this duet begin
singing "Den Tod" ["Death"] coming from opposite directions and finally on the continuation ".niemand zwingen kann" [".no one can force"] are led together to form in common a cadence. The intensive, chromatic elements can be considered as a further treatment of North German impressions such as those which Bach received from his contact with the works of Dietrich Buxtehude.

BWV 131 "Aus der Tiefen rufe ich"

Bach personally noted on his own clean copy of the score that this cantata was composed in Mühlhausen to which he added "Auff Begehren Tit: Herrn D: Georg: Christ: Eilmars in die Music gebracht" ["set to music at the request of George Christian Eilmars."] Just what reason Eilmars, the pastor of St. Mary's Church in Mühlhausen, had for giving Bach this commission is unknown; however, it is conceivable that the composition may have served as a solemn remembrance of the city fire that Mühlhausen had suffered shortly before Bach took up his position there, but then again it might simply have related to one of the general days of atonement established by the church.

Once again there is a Sinfonia at the beginning of this composition; but here it moves directly into the following choral mvt. Thus a grouping occurs here which, if you consider Bach's later cantatas, can be seen as a choral mvt. with an instrumental introduction. However, since Bach wrote "Sinfonia" over the beginning measures of this mvt., it is certain that he also viewed the "Sinfonia" as an independent mvt. despite the way it flows directly into the choral mvt. that follows it.

The thread for the inner continuity of the cantata results primarily from the 8 verses of Psalm 130 which form the basis of all the mvts., or more precisely, sections of this work. This begins with the entrance of the choir which appears as mvt. 2. A slow
introductory section begins with the 1^st Bible verse and combines it with the motifs already developed in the introduction. The 2^nd verse "Herr, höre meine Stimme" ["Lord, hear my voice"] is the text for the fast continuation, the structure of which contains a tutti-solo exchange, sometimes marked by fugal imitation, but without ever allowing either one of these musical techniques be fully carried out. Without a break the 3^rd section begins with a solo for bass voice "So du willt, Herr, Sünde zurechen" ["Lord, as you wish to add sin"]; but then along with the biblical text (3^rd verse of the Psalm) as the base, a third technique becomes apparent: The soprano voice sings the 2^nd verse of the chorale "Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut, du Brunnquell aller Gnaden" ["Lord Jesus Christ, you my greatest good, you source of all blessings."] The chorale melody dictates the structure of the mvt.: it is divided into the two beginning lines which are repeated as part of the 'Stollen' and then the concluding 'Abgesang;' at the same time that the soprano voice moves into this 'Abgesang', the bass voice moves forward into the 4tverse of the Psalm "Denn bei dir ist die Vergebung" ["For with you there is forgiveness."] Up until this point, all the parts had only a single musical connection; but now the next three mvts. are set apart from each other as they exhibit variations of the structural pattern that had existed before this: at first there is the choral section "Ich harre des Herrn" ["I am waiting for the Lord"] with richly developed but not strictly carried out fugue "Meine Seele harret" ["My soul is waiting"] (both of these sections based on the 5^th Bible verse.) Similar to the previous bass solo, Bach also combines the following tenor solo (verse 6: "Meine Seele wartet" ["My soul is waiting"]) with the chorale "Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut" (verse 5 sung by the alto) and again he has the other voice begin singing (while the alto completes the 'Abgesang' of the chorale) the next citation from the Bible: "von einer Morgenwache bis zu der andern" ["from one morning watch to the next."] To be sure, these are only the second part of the Psalm verse that has been begun and Bach does return once again to the words at the beginning of the verse.

Bach's interpretation of the textual foundation does become quite clear when comparing the bass and tenor mvts. In both instances he changes the fundamental biblical text where the music of the chorale moves into the 'Abgesang.' However, only in the bass solo is the transition from one Psalm verse to another effected while in the tenor solo Bach remains within a single biblical verse. This is why Bach, in the 'Abgesang,' is able to set to music again the words which normally should have accompanied the 'Stollen.'

The final two Psalm verses are part of the concluding, multisectional choral mvt. where the major break occurs at the point between verse 7 and 8: between the sometimes chordlike, sometimes loosely polyphonic opening sections and the complex fugue on the words "und er wird Israel erlösen" ["and he will save Israel."]

In this manner the function which allows a cantata to contain an inner continuity will have a two-fold effect: while Bach sets a continuous Psalm text to music, he also combines two verses of a chorale with it. These latter verses are cleverly chosen from the inner [not the 1^st verse] verses of the chorale and used in two of the inner mvts. of the cantata. Only superficially does it appear that the meaning of the chorale is reduced or less important than the verses of the Psalm and, at the least, the chorale has a profound effect upon the musical structure of both mvts. As soon as the chorale enters, it pushes the other voices into the background and clearly relegates them, including the voice part which presents the text of the Psalm, to a mode of accompaniment. The tenor mvt. opens with a continuo line, which, due to its sequences of similar elements, seems to be representative of the ostinato-type theme. Indeed, the theme is repeated unchanged three times in a row, twice in the beginning bars of the tenor part. In this way the ostinato theme and the setting of the Bible text can appear side by side. Then, however, the first line of the chorale begins. Bach accordingly varies the ostinato theme to make it fit while leading the tenor voice in such a way to make it fit into the framework which has already been created. Always when the chorale melody stops, Bach must take the presentation of the Bible text out of its background mode and place it into the foreground, but this demands so much concentration that Bach is unable to make the ostinato motif return in its original form. The hierarchy of the various components is clear: the chorale is stronger than the musical setting of the biblical quotations and the latter is stronger than the instrumental parts.

The same principle can be observed at work in the mvt. for bass voice where it is expanded to include another component. The hierarchy here moves down from the chorale melody to the leading of the bass voice solo which is treated as the most important accompanying part, then moves down to an independent oboe part and finally to the continuo part. The latter merely offers the foundation bass without having any ostinato-like elements. The soprano, leading with the melody and the bass set against it with its Bible quotations constitute in their functions a clearly defined pair of voices. Above the regular, steadily forward moving basso continuo line there is still room for the characteristic figurations of the oboe which never seems to be able to bring forth a tangible theme. This oboe part is merely a typical instrumental part without any vocal diction as it is based upon the use of intervals and the fact that frequently the 2^nd 16^th note anticipates the following note. As a result, the listener will notice a plain distinction between the idiomatic use of voices and instruments without, however, feeling that Bach composed for a specific instrument. This type of instrumental leading of musical lines without clearly distinguishing the instrumental types is characteristic for Bach in his earliest cantatas.

BWV 71 "Gott ist mein König"

In the second half of Bach's one-year stay in Mühlhausen, this cantata was composed and is the only one from this period which records the precise original performance date, February 4, 1708, for the annual ceremony on the occasion of the town council election. As usual the performance took place during the church service at St. Mary's which was known as the "Ratskirche" ["the church associated with the city hall."] Just how strong the connection of this music with the city's pageantry displaying political power was is exemplified by the fact that the city council paid for this cantata to be printed. Along with another cantata which Bach composed for the same occasion, the Mühlhausen city council election in 1709, this time already composed in Weimar, a composition for which there are not even any printed copies available, this cantata from 1708 remains the only cantata which was ever printed during Bach's lifetime. For BWV 51 we even have an autograph score in a clean/clear copy.

The text is based upon passages extracted from Psalm 74. Verse 12 supplies the basis for the introductory chorus with its sections that change back and forth from tutti to solo; the following verses which describe God as the ruler of the sea and of rivers are skipped, but then the text continues with the 16^th verse (mvt. 4, Bass: "Tag und Nacht ist dein" ["Day and night is yours"]) through the beginning of verse 17. Only the beginning of verse 19 still reflects some of the text in the Psalm, but not literally as a direct quotation (Chorus Section 6: "Du wollest dem Feinde nicht geben die Seele deiner Turteltaube" ["You did not want to give the enemy the soul of your turtledove.")

This then was the outline of text that had been cleansed of all elements which would not be suitable for the election of the Mühlhausen town council. This outline could now be expanded to include text which would show a relationship to the occasion for which this music was being composed. The 2^nd and 3^rd mvts. once again utilize texts from the Old Testament: "Ich bin nun achtzig Jahr" ["I am now 80 years old"] and "Dein Alter sei wie deine Jugend" ["Let your old age be like your youth."] These verses relate to people who have reached old age, a very fitting thought since several of the mayors of Mühlhausen were of a 'biblical' age at the time. The remaining sentences are directed at the actual government of the city, specifically the reference at the beginning of the final chorus to "Das neue Regiment" ["The new government"], which refers specifically to the new group of elected officials, the continuation of the final chorus as well as the preceding alto solo "Durch mächtige Kraft" ["through mighty power"] (Mvt. 5) which refers to Emperor Joseph I, the highest-ranking regent with power over thImperial Free City of Mühlhausen. These texts were probably created specifically for this occasion.

This cantata reflects in its orchestration Bach's understanding as leading musician in Mühlhausen of the pomp and circumstance needed for this occasion. As already mentioned, the ensemble consists of six choirs/groups of voices/instruments: four of these were instrumental and the others were the tutti and solo ensembles. With this Bach could have made real the impressions and memories of the music he had experienced in the imperial city of Lübeck in late Fall of 1705 when Dietrich Buxtehude presented correspondingly large-scale musical productions on the occasion of the change of emperor (the death of Emperor Leopold I led to the enthroning of Joseph I.) Bach even improves on this by having the organ, for all practical purposes, serve as the 7^th choir/instrumental sound, which is used independently with its own unique sound in certain places of the composition. This puts a special stamp on the 2^nd mvt. of the cantata in which the organ enters into an otherwise especially delicately spun exchange between the Bible text and the chorale (it hardly seems possible not to make a direct connection between the soprano chorale and the Bible text sung by the tenor, for instance with the text beginning: "Soll ich auf dieser Welt mein Leben höher bringen" ["Should I improve my life here in this world"] is it not possible to connect this with the "Warum" ["Why"] sung directly before it?) The major function of the organ is particularly noticeable in the introductory section of the last mvt. in which it assumes the role of providing the final section of the bridge material which had just previously appeared in the strings, then the recorders and the choir of oboes. This obbligato organ part thus seems to function as a particular option chosen by a composer who understands musical performances from the vantage point of the organ. In the choice and arrangement of text, this cantata appears to be a representative of the older type of cantata which still has not been influenced by operatic forms or their derivatives. This even applies to the elements present in the 2^nd half of the cantata, elements that are designated to be 'free poetry' and would, for this reason, appear to belong to elements typical of the more recent cantata types. The text of the final chorus is a poem with two verses. Such a structure in strophic form reflects the techniques used in the Protestant chorales, not in the more modern forms of the cantata. Despite all of this there are some modern elements that can be discerned. These are seen where Bach, in some mvts. will return to the beginnings of texts and/or music once the conclusion has been reached. A true da-capo form as it appears in operas does not yet occur here. It is more like a framing device. Since, however, it appears not only in mvts. where 'free poetry' is involved (so that in the alto solo (mvt. 5) the initial words "Durch mächtige Kraft" ["through mighty power"] are repeated again at the end), but also, above all, in the musical settings of the biblical verses, Bach must be considered responsible for applying this construction and he must have done this consciously out of musical considerations. In this manner, at the end of the introductory chorus "Gott ist mein König", Bach returns to the tutti beginning and does likewise in the bass aria "Tag und Nacht ist dein." In doing so, Bach creates a very different impression than in the other early cantatas where Bach seems to have preferred to set the text to music basically in a linear fashion without ever going back to the introductory material.

Very conspicuously different is the way the cantata begins: it is the only cantata from Bach's early period which does not open with a Sinfonia, but rather begins directly with the entrance of the entire ensemble including the chorus. If the purpose of an instrumental prelude was to help to coordinate the intonation of the singers, then this was certainly not accomplished here. The solving of this problem could be comparatively easy, but it also gives rise to new questions: for the instrumental ensemble not only are the instruments of 'normal' city musicians demanded, but also in likewise fashion the trumpets which assumed a very special position in society, all the more so when they were used as special function instruments to signal the entrance of important individuals or even as a sign of power for those who commanded them to play. These situations prevailed not only at the various courts of the region but also played an important role in the Free Imperial Cities. The signals produced by trumpeters were subject to a prescribed duty to keep them secret and for this reason they were never written down. The way in which Bach set up this cantata makes is possible to conjecture that before the entire ensemble began its performance, it was preceded by a trumpet fanfare, perhaps one that was repeated annually or perhaps one improvised by the trumpeter. In any case, Bach was not responsible for providing the music for such a fanfare, for this obligation fell to the trumpeters themselves. Consequently we can state that the cantata was transmitted in its complete form, but in order to recreate the impression of the performance in its entirety as it was given at its first performance, a trumpet fanfare with at least 3 trumpets would have to precede it.<<

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